Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Hayes Primary School Community, Values, And Philosophy.

Hayes Primary School: Community, Values, and Philosophy Hayes Primary School is located in Bates, Tennessee. The school currently enrolls students for preschool through 5th grade. The average class size for the school is 18. There are 50 faculty members that support education at Hayes Primary School. Outside of core instruction, special subject areas are offered in art, music, physical education, and library. Children attend a special subject for 45 minutes per day. They receive an additional 45-minute period per week period of special subjects on a rotating basis. The mission at Hayes Primary School is to provide a safe educational atmosphere in partnership with all stakeholders that is a supportive and nurturing community in which†¦show more content†¦Voters have shown that they support and value education. Over the years funding and support for Hayes Primary School has been received from local taxpayers. Many religious groups and local businesses take pride in partnering with the school to make sure that it develops with the needs of its students and the community. Having and obtaining a quality education is a major part of the Bates community culture. The city also takes pride in the diversity and achievement accomplishments of Hayes Primary School. The city and school continued to promote values that assure academic achievement remains at the top in the state in order to maintain high property values and produce educated citizens who will become skilled productive members of society. Curriculum Philosophy Hayes Primary School believes all students should have equal access to a quality basic education. To this end, they work to partner with stakeholders to develop a quality curriculum. The curriculum at Hayes Primary School blends traditional and modern teaching and learning approaches to develop lesson plans, activities, and assessments that promote student success. As a high achieving school, they continually work to offer curricula that meet the demands of students and life beyond primary school. The school feels there is always work to be done to bring practices in line with these philosophies. They strive to enhance the teaching and learningShow MoreRelatedMain Features Of Progressive Education1243 Words   |  5 Pagesagenda, school policies, educators, students themselves and their families mutually. Defining a good primary school should be in consideration of social, cultural and economic aspects of our contemporary society in the 21st century. In that sense, a progressive edu cation philosophy is considered important for a good primary school in its psychological and sociological features. This essay will discuss why characteristic features of progressive education provide a model of a good primary school in lineRead MoreImproving Patient Compliance And Stroke Rehabilitation2144 Words   |  9 Pagesoutcomes to the hospital, patient and community, for example, adverse events are estimated to increase costs by $8000 per admission and increase the length of stay by 7–8 days on average (Department of Health 2009)† (Twigg, 2015). Mainly, healthcare workers aim to help patients with compliance and recovery and ultimately decrease hospital stay while transitioning to rehabilitation services. Philosophic Viewpoint While considering myself a Christian, my philosophy of nursing tends to parallel that notionRead MoreCulturally Adapted Acceptance And Commitment Therapy For Treating Depression Among Latino Adults9015 Words   |  37 Pagesdepression (e.g., psychogenic depression and cyclothymic temperament), leading to the division of psychogenic and organic depression. These differences in classification ultimately resulted in a split between schools of nature and schools of nurture, causing a great shift in the psychiatric community in the late 1920s. The etiology of depression varies across each branch of psychology. In behaviorism, depression was thought to stem from inappropriate behavior in social settings (Ferster, 1973; WolpeRead MoreChapter 23-25 Notes for Ap Us History6413 Words   |  26 Pagesreform to the Grant administration. Depression, Deflation, and Inflation Over-speculating was the primary cause to the panic of 1873; too much expansion had taken place. Too many people had taken out loans of which they were unable to pay back due to lack of profit from where they had invested their money. Due to popular mistrust of illegitimate dealings in the government, inflation soon depreciated the value of the greenback. Supported by advocates of hard money (coin money), the Resumption Act of 1875Read MoreEuthanasia: An Ethical Dilemma Essay1810 Words   |  8 PagesRome. It was the Hippocratic School (c. 400B.C.) that eliminated the practice of euthanasia and assisted suicide from medical practice. Euthanasia in itself raises many ethical dilemmas – such as, is it ethical for a doctor to assist a terminally ill patient in ending his life? Under what circumstances, if any, is euthanasia considered ethically appropriate for a doctor? More so, euthanasia raises the argument of the different ideas that people have about the value of the human experience. PhilosopherRead MoreStrategic Importance of Knowledge Management6580 Words   |  27 Pagesthe organizations. What is knowledge? Plato first defined the concept of knowledge as ‘‘justified true belief in his Meno, Phaedo and Theaetetus. Although not very accurate in terms of logic, this definition has been predominant in Western philosophy (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). Davenport et al. (1998) define knowledge as ``information combined with experience, context, interpretation and reflection. The terms ‘‘knowledge and ‘‘information are often used inter-changeably in the literatureRead More Strategic Importance of Knowledge Management Essay examples6444 Words   |  26 Pagesthe organizations. What is knowledge? Plato first defined the concept of knowledge as ‘‘justified true belief’’ in his Meno, Phaedo and Theaetetus. Although not very accurate in terms of logic, this definition has been predominant in Western philosophy (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). Davenport et al. (1998) define knowledge as ``information combined with experience, context, interpretation and reflection. The terms ‘‘knowledge’’ and ‘‘information’’ are often used inter-changeably in the literatureRead Morehuman resource management- Starbucks case study4015 Words   |  17 Pageswith its primary objectives. In short, HRM dept exists to serve the rest of the organization. The role of HRM should be more strategic in nature COMMUNITY †¢ Needs of the community should be addressed in an ethical and socially responsible manner and care should be taken to minimize the negative impacts of any such demands upon the organization. Starbucks also has proclaimed their commitment to communities environment through their mission statement, â€Å"Contribute positively to our communities and environment†Read MoreA Research On Self Directed Learning6402 Words   |  26 Pagesdetailed account of the Malaysian context in which the current study was conducted, and particular attention is paid to the Malaysian Higher Education framework and the impact of three key pieces of government documents and reports - the National Philosophy of Education (Malaysian Education Blueprint 2013 - 2025 2013), the nationalization of public universities policy (Education Act 1996), and the University and University College Act of 1971 (UUCA 1971) which not only served as the core componentsRead MoreInternational Travel Agency Busines s Plan8749 Words   |  35 Pagescouples, and groups interested in popular adventure sports, such as skiing, kayaking, trekking, etc., are ATI s primary customers. ATI s target market is an exploitable niche, and ATI will provide a specialized and thus differentiated service. ATI has established relationships with providers of travel-related products and services. Two major airlines have been selected as our primary ticket providers in part because they do not cap the agent s profit on tickets. This allows us to capture the 10%

Monday, December 23, 2019

Does One Gender Incite Fear Over Another - 987 Words

What makes a person quicken their step in trepidation with just a glance at the person behind them? Does one gender incite fear over another? What about a person’s race? Is their appearance a factor? Discrimination may not be a conscious decision, but everyone does it at one time or another. Some people may not be aware they are showing bias and some knowingly do it. Discrimination can happen in large and obvious ways, like at a political rally, in a group setting with hundreds of people around to encourage it. Prejudice can also be subtle and internally hidden; a decision not to frequent a small business because it’s run by a person of color. Intolerance and discrimination are still an issue today and have made little improvements from the past to present day. It can be seen socially in the way people stereotype minorities and it’s shows itself in the legal system with the denial of services to minority members. Additionally, gender equality is still an existing issue. Firstly, individuals are racists against each other. People have stereotyped against each other from the very early civilization until the present day. They discriminate against looks, race, beliefs, actions and may even do it because a group of people they associate with are doing it. The reasons why people discriminate against each other are infinite; insecurity, misinformation, upbringing and lack of empathy are just a few reasons. Doris Lessing advises, â€Å"People†¦may agree that the hardest thing in theShow MoreRelatedDoes One Gender Incite Fear Over Another?935 Words   |  4 Pages What makes a person quicken their step with just a glance at the person behind them? Does one gender incite fear over another? What about a person’s race? Is their appearance a factor? Discrimination may not be a conscious decision but everyone does it at one time or another. Some people may not be aware they are showing bias. Discrimination can happen in large and obvious w ays, like at a political rally, in a group setting with hundreds of people around to encourage it. Discrimination can alsoRead MoreMedia Reporting And Its Effects On Society1455 Words   |  6 PagesMoral panic is a feeling of fear spread among a large number of people that some evil threatens the well-being of society (Dictionary.com). The process of heightening and blowing out of proportion is a common conceptualization in media reporting used to incite fear and portray crime in a lurid light. This ideology of sensationalistic crime reporting began in the 18th century with fictional horror stories. The avid interests of readers and deepened emotional language provoked the language of mythRead MoreTerrorism Has Been Used For Centuries As A Weapon Of Change1074 Words   |  5 Pagescenturies as a weapon of change. Terrorism used to force change even altered the English language, the creation of the word assassin because of the Hashhashin’s in the 11th century and the Romanà ¢â‚¬â„¢s use of decimation changing the meaning from killing one in ten to massacring all involved. Much of early terrorism was based on nationalist or ethnic groups, which had exhausted all other options while reaching for political freedom and therefore resorted to violence. The most common examples used to justifyRead MoreFemale Objectification Of Women1211 Words   |  5 Pagesstandard defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary is â€Å"a set of principles that applies differently and usually more rigorously to one group of people or circumstances than to another; especially a code of morals that applies more severe standards of sexual behaviour to women than to men.† I feel this is very fitting as even in the definition itself it refers to gender double standards that apply to women more than men. I have experienced double standards from sexual objectifications to social pressuresRead MoreCensorship Violates Our First Amendment Right1550 Words   |  7 Pagesperspective s as long as it does not incite harm, harass, or threaten another individual or group. Campuses across the nation embrace a similar definition, yet some discipline those who decide to express their opinions, even if done off campus. Michael Haines-Garcia, a professor of ethnic studies, would argue such disciplinary action is by no means helpful in resolving the larger issue at hand. When a person is punished for actions that are considered offensive, there is one apparent consequence ofRead MoreAffirmative Action vs Reverse Discrimination Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on their race or sex. Affirmative Action was put into place to equal out discrimination and give all qualified applicants the ability to apply. It was never to be a quota system and for employers or schools to except a less qualified applicant over a highly qualified white man based on race. It was never to harm anyone thru reverse discrimination. Affirmative Action was put into place to guarantee equal rights for all citizens regardless of sex, race or national origin. Writer Dan FroomkinRead MoreThe Effects Of Sex On The United States3198 Words   |  13 PagesIt is preferable to the term â€Å"prostitute† in that is is more inclusive to workers who don’t provide â€Å"full service† and does not have a history of being used as a degrading insult. People get into sex work for many reasons; while money is usually the biggest consideration, things like documentation or immigration status can also be important factors into someone’s decision (Incite National). The U.S. Government often fails to make distinction between sex work and sex trafficking. In a 2004 publicationRead MoreThe Roles of Masculinity and Femininity in Macbeth Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesA prominent and permeating theme in Macbeth is the roles and characteristics of masculinity and femininity. Throughout the play Shakespeare presents the audience with strong and sometimes conflicting views of these gender roles. What exactly defines being a man or a woman? How does an individual’s grasp of these roles effect their actions? Shakespeare shows that a clear and accurate understanding of the concept of masculinity is of critical importance in the success of a ruler. In particularRead MorePublic Participation and Internet Regulation1432 Words   |  6 Pagesemphasis in recent years. Interestingly, the emergence of the concepts of â€Å"e-governance†, â€Å"e-government† and â€Å"e-democracy† reflects the increasing connection of online t ools such as the Internet with the concept of public participation (Freeman, 2013). Does governmental regulation of the Internet necessarily not promote public participation then? I think not; to my mind, there are two different kinds of regulation – â€Å"positive† and â€Å"negative† regulation, implemented with the purpose of promoting and restrictingRead MoreCultural Context : The Sandman That Created One Image Of The Ideal Female Machine ``1890 Words   |  8 Pagesoperated like a machine. These fantasies of creating a machine that embodies the perfect human were popular throughout literature because they incited fear within people due its association with human-identity. Through the centuries, male figures in particular had a desire for the ideal male and female. In 1816, E.T.A. Hoffmann wrote The Sandman that created one image of the ideal-female-machine, which represented the living fantasy of what men considered to be the perfect women of that time pe riod. During

Saturday, December 14, 2019

The Relation Between the Customer Behavior and Shopping Centre Free Essays

Title The relation between the customer behavior and shopping centre promotion Author(s) RISHI The relation between the customer behaviour and shopping centre promotion Citation Issue Date 22/3/2012 URL Rights 2002 http://hdl. handle. net/10722/28778 The author retains all proprietary rights, (such as patent rights) and the right to use in future works. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relation Between the Customer Behavior and Shopping Centre or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Relation between the Customer Behaviour and Shopping Centre Promotion: A Case Study of Whampoa Garden TSE Chun Wai DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Housing Management The University of Hong Kong December 2002 DECLARATION i declare that this dissertation, entitled The relationship between the customer behaviours and shopping centre promotion: A case study of Whampoa Garden, represents my own work, except where due acknowledgement is made, and that it has not been previously included in a thesis, dissertation or report submitted to this University or other institution for a degree, diploma or other qualification. un Wai Acknowledgement This paper intends to show the relationship between the customer behaviors and shopping centre promotion, to understand the problem of the shopping entre by studying the customer behaviors and examining the shopping promotion strategies. Firstly the author sincerely thanks Mr. Bonny Chiu who has worked ? n Whampoa Garden ? n the property management department, for his assistance ? n providing information about the details of Whampoa Garden and promotion strategies. Secondly, thanks must be expressed to Ms. Candy Lam and Ms. Jessica Wong; classma tes of Master of Housing Management have given valuable information regarding the shopping centre under their management. Thirdly, the author must also thank Ms. June Yau and Mona So for helping with word processing and production of the final typescript and proofreading. Finally, the author wants to thank Dr. Eddie Hui, the supervisor of this dissertation, for his valuable guidance and support in the research of this paper. THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG i. I Il W ir . J Thesis Collection Deposited by the Author Contents Acknowledgement Abstract 1. Introduction ti Am and objectives p. 1 1. 2 Methodologies 1. 3 Researchmethod I . 4 Implication of the study 1. 5 Sourceofdata 2. p. 2 p. 3 p. 3 p. 4 P. 4 Customer behavior and shopping centre p. 5 2. 1 The definition fcustomerbehaviour Dynamic customer behaviour Interaction Exchanges 2. 2 Why people go shopping 2. 3 Factors affecting shopping behaviours and motivations 2. 4 Changingofshoppinghabit 2. 5 Goal and characteristic of customer 2. 6 Conceptual models and customer characteristics 2. 1. 1 2. 1. 2 2. 1. 3 2. 6. 1 2. 6. 2 2. 6. 3 2. 6. 4 Huff1s topological model (1960) Timmermans’ conce ptual model (1982) Sheth’s integrative theory 2. 6. 3. 1 Choicecalculus 2. 6. 3. 2 ShoppIng motives 2. 6. 3. 3 Shopping option Lindquist(1974-1975) 3. What is a â€Å"shopping centre†? 3. 1 The principle of a shopping centre Identification the positioning, role and function of a shopping 3. 1 1 centre 3. 1. 2 Location ata shopping centre 3. 1. 3 Catchmeritarea 3. 1. 4 Accessibility and interlink 3. 1. 5 TenantMix 3. 1. 6 Decoration Shopfront 3. 1. 7 Entrances 3. 1. 8 3. 1. 9 Finishes 3. 1. 10 Signagesystem 3. 1. 11 Marketing 3. 1. 12 Management 3. 1. 13 Promotion . 3. 2 Typeofshoppingcentre 3. 2. 1 3. 2. 2 The neighborhood centre The community shopping centre p. 5 p. 6 p. 6 p. 6 p. 7 p. 8 p. 10 pli p. 11 p12 p. 12 p. 12 p. 13 p. 13 p. 14 p. 14 p. 17 p. 18 p. 18 p. 19 p. 19 p. 19 p. 20 p. 20 p. 21 p. 21 p. 22 p. 22 p. 23 p. 3 p. 23 p. 24 p. 25 p. 26 32. 3 The regonaI shopping centre 3. 2. 4 Specialty shopping centre 3. 3 The development of shopping centre 3. 4 Devopment of shopping centres in Hong Kong 3. 4. 1 Firstphase 3. 4. 2 Second phase 3. 4. 3 Third phase 4. CasestudyofwhampoaGarden 4. 1 background information and characteristic of Whampoa Garden 4. 1. 1 Development 4. 1. 2 Accessibility 4. 1. 3 Cat chrnentarea and interlink 4. 1. 4 Conceptofnewtown 4. 1. 5 Theme Concept 4. 1. 6 Varietyofshop 4. 1. 7 Continuous refurbishment 4. 1. 8 Shoppingmanagement 4. 1. 9 Cleaning 4. 1. 10 Security 4. 1. 11 Air-conditioning 4. 1. 2 Maintenance repair 4. 2 Findings Irnageattributes 4. 2. 1 4. 2. 1. 1 Recreational experience 4. 2. 1. 2 Userfriendly 4. 2. 1. 3 Stores 4. 2. 1. 4 Qualityofstores 4. 2. 1. 5 Easeofusebycarandbus 4. 2. 2 Shoppers characteristics 4. 2. 2. 1 Gender 4. 2. 2. 2 Shopping accompanied 4. 2. 2. 3 Travel model 4. 2. 2. 4 Occupation 4. 2. 2. 5 Monthly income 4. 2. 2. 6 Frequency of visits 4. 2. 2. 7 Presence of undesirable characters 5. Problems ofWhampoa Garden p. 32 p. 32 p. 32 p. 32 p. 34 p. 34 p. 34 P. 37 p. 38 p. 38 p. 39 p. 39 P. 40 p. 40 P. 41 p. 41 p. 41 p. 41 p. 4. 2 p. 43 p. 43 p. 43 p. 44 p. 44 p. 45 . 45 p. 45 p. 46 p. 47 Inadequate parking facilities Uncovered footpaths/insufficient interlinks Unsuccessful theme concept p. 48 p. 48 p. 48 p. 49 p. 50 Lackofancho rteriants p. 51 Recession of retailing industry p. 52 5. 1 Lack of mass transportation network 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 5. 6 p. 27 p. 27 p. 28 p. 29 p. 30 p. 30 p. 30 6. Recommendations and shopping centres in the future 6. 1 Understandshopper’sneed 6. 2 HK$10 Plaza discountoutlets 6. 3 Transportation p. 54. p. 54 p. 54 p. 55 6. 4 Parking spaces arid footpath 6. 5 Marketing strategies 6. 6 Signage 61 Development of theme concept 6. 8 Promotion . 8. 1 Advertising 6. 8. 2 Personal selling 6. 83 Sales promotion 6. 8. 4 Publicity p. 56 p57 p. 57 p. 58 p. 58 p. 59 p. 59 p. 59 p. 59 7. Conclusion p. 61 Questionnaires p. 63 Summary results of questionnaire for customers p. 68 Bibliography p. 73 Abstract In Hong Kong, the accessibility and transportation network of newly constructed site is highly important. The transport links, especially by means of Mass Transit Railway and Kowloon-Canton Railway, are vital to the retailers, as these would increase footfall, which can bring thetn more p otential customers. However, it is all for the shoppers? Where will they go and why will they shop? Customers’ shopping habits and preference has changed over years. Most importantly, it has gone along with the development and construction of shopping centre. Now instead of shopping in the sheet, shopping in huge department stores is a new trend. This paper aims at assessing the factors in attributing to the shoppers’ decision by starting with a brief description of customer’s behavioural models and the development of shopping centre in Hong Kong. Determining elements include convenience, pleasant and entertainment environment, tenant mix, leisure facilities and catchment, etc. Whampoa Garden is selected as the case study Overall, the findings shows active, well planned, coordinated and periodical promotion should be operated throughout the year. Besides promotion, the infrastructure of shopping centres also plays a vital role in deciding the retail pattern and the tenant mix. Therefore, active promotion activities and continual development of shopping centres should be used as the strategy to meet the ever-changing demand and improve the image of the centre for their specified clientele. 1. Inlroduction Shopping centres are vital to our economy. Different planning of shopping centres causes different sizes and arrangements. However, all these planning would bear two purposes in mind – to provide an optimum retailing environment for the tenants and to meet the needs of customers. In recent decades, shopping centres are becoming increasingly important for the services they provide to individual consumers and many ways in which they benefit the communities in which they are located. Developers should want to know how and why people shop in their shopping centres, but others just have a fare dodging and walking in the centre. From a commercial standpoint, it may distinguish consumer behaviour from other activities. This is the point for the shopping centre because profits are generated when consumers select the shopping centre rather than another. Consumers are more interested in the facilities provided by the shopping centres, so that they could spend their time arid money in there. The improvement of living standard in Hong Kong has to lead the transformation of shopping behaviour of the residents. Formerly, markets were just places where people gather together for retail activities. Nowadays, shopping centres have become multifunctional, and it is an enclosed area not only for shopping, but also for entertainment and amusement. A successful shopping centre must have the right location, (easy to access) good management; effective marketing strategy arid the right tenant mix for the demographic profile of the population it serves. However, the attraction of the shopping centre will slip downwards or fade away with the passage of time: demographic changes, competition arising from the other new shopping centres, etc. All these pose as great challenge for the status of an existing shopping centre. Therefore, strategies are required for rejuvenation. The aim far promoting shopping centres is to improve their overall commercial potentials and auxiliary facilities. In addition, the shoppers’ behaviors and characteristics, (preference, the choices ofthe retails shops, etc. ) as well as location of the shopping centre also have to consider. Furthermore, the competition from new shopping centres compels existing shopping centres to seek for the best ways and strategies to revive the business of a shopping centre. 1. 1 Aim and Objectives The aims of this study are to investigate and evaluate strategies for the shopping entre promotion in upgrading the value of a shopping centre. Factors such as marketing stand point, competition from other competitors, demographic of the surrounding areas, social and economic situation will be considered. In addition, this paper will study the consumer behaviour and characteristics, such as place of residence, mode oftransportation, frequency ofvisit and consumer images. The objectives ofthis study are as follows: I. I . i To conduct a literature review on the characteristics and the development 2 of shopping centre through a case study on â€Å"Whampoa Garden Shopping Centre† located at Hung Horn; . i . 2 To study the behaviour of the customers; i . 1. 3 To identify the decision problems and preferences ofthe customers; i . i . 4 To analyze the store image from the view ofthe customers; 1. 1. 5 To study why shopping centres require promotion strategies? and; i . 1 . 6 To examine the shopping centre promotion strategies; 12 Methodologies in the theoretical framework, reference has been made to relevant books, magazines, newspaper, annual reports, journals as well as data from census and government statistics. In addition, marketing, promotion and management of shopping centres will also be included. In order to obtain an understanding of the relationship between the customer behaviours and shopping centre promotion, this essay will examine two broad measures. The frequency of visit, purpose, accessibility, facilities, image and overall impression of the shopping centre would be identified. Moreover, the age group, sex, place of living, working condition, income and household size of the customers will be studied. In order to examine the taxonomies adopted by previous researchers of consumer (spatial) shopping behaviour such as Shepherd and Thomas, (1980); Spiggle and Sewell, (1987). The models such as Huffs topological model; Timmerman’s conceptual model; Sheth’s integrative theory and Lindquist will be reviewed. Those theories are focused on the perception of the shoppers relating to the shopping centre’s image. Through the above methods, developers can select the right tenants and promotion strategies to generate income and promote the shopping centre image. On the other hand, a successful shopping centre can through the information such as age, income group and the customers’ behaviour, can decide the trade of business and formulate promotion strategies to attract customers to visit. 1. 4 Implication ofihe Study The study will find out the behaviours of customers, and the relationships among the tenants, developers and the customers. In addition, the shopping centre promotion will also influence the investment atmosphere and affect the income of the developers. The above study can be a reference for other aging shopping centres in carrying out revival programme. LS Source of Data This study is hard to get secondary data for the shopping condition since relevant parties are reluctant to provide their business strategies. Surveys would be carried out with the tenants and customers of the shopping centre in order to obtain the 4 first hand-data. On the other hand. , through interviews with the management staff and office staff, more information and data can also be obtained. Surveys and questionnaires will be conducted to obtain the primary data. The questionnaire is printed in Chinese since the majority of’ Hong Kong’s population is Chinese. It contains questions about customer behaviour, personal particu1ar and the image of a shopping centre. 5 2. Customer Behaviour and Shopping Centre Customers spend their time in purchasing goods and services, at the appropriate places where they will visit. In addition, they also like to spend their leisure time for their aily activities such as entertainment, gathering arid shopping. Shopping centres provide them a place to meet these needs. What kind of shopping centre would be suitable for them; what kind of function and facilities should the centres have; what kind of market strategies and what kind of promotion can induce more customers to visit the centre. I [J1J1IIf f According to Arnould, Price and Zinkham (2002), customer behaviours define as individuals or groups acquiring, using, and disposing of products, services, ideas, or experiences. Consumer behaviour also includes the acquisition and use of information. Therefore, communicating with consumers and receiving feedback from them is a crucial part of consumer behaviour of interest to marketers. Consumers may consist of individuals or groups including families, clubs and organizations, purchasing units within corporations, and government departments. Consumer behaviour is the study of human responses to products, services, arid the marketing of products and services. This topic is of considerable importance to marketing managers and marketing researchers because the focus on the consumers is the key contribution of marketing to business practice. Other business function (e. g. , finance, accounting and production) either neglect the consumer or overlook the consumer entirely. Organizations that lose sight of their consumers cannot compete effectively against firms that stay close to their consumers. Managers who really understand their customers develop better products and services, promote their products and services more effectively, and adopt marketing plans and strategies that foster sustainable competitive advantages for their products and services. Furthermore, managers who know their consumers cari reach and satisfy them more efficiently. Such managers are important assets to any organization and are rewarded accordingly (Kardes 2002). The American Marketing Association defines consumer behaviour as â€Å"the dynamic interaction of affect and cognition, behaviour, arid environmental events by which human beings conduct the exchange aspects of their lives. † There are at least three important ideas that pointed out in this definition: (1) consumer behaviour is dynamic; (2) it involves interactions between effect and cognitions, behaviours, and environmental events; and (3) it involves exchanges. The following implications are put forward. 2. 1. 1 namicCnsumer Behaviour Consumer behaviour is dynamic and means individual consumers, consumers groups, and society at ‘arge are constantly changing and evolving across time. 2. 1. 2 Interaction It means that to understand consumers and develop superior marketing strategies, we must understand what they think (cognitions) and feel (effect), what they do (behaviour, and the things and places (environmental) that influence and are 7 influenced by what consumers think, feel, and do. 2. 1. 3 Exchanges These make the definition of consumer behaviour consistent with current definitions of marketing that also emphasize exchange. In fact, the role of marketing is to create exchanges with consumers by formulating and implementing marketing strategies (Peter and Olson, i 993). 2. 2 Why People GoShopping Why do people do the things they do? More specifically, why do they buy and consume the products, services, experiences, and brands they do? People always mention that when they are feeling low or want to reward themselves by shopping, and shopping can be interpreted as a pleasure or a self-gift. The role of shopping and purchasing has taken on dramatic new meaning and trend to be a recreational shopping. The modem, self-enclosed shopping centre in all its variant forms has become a site to which consumers make frequent visits to satisfy a wide variety of needs including those aesthetic enjoyment, problem solving, and personal display. These trends lead the emergence of the largest shopping centre such as Disney World, Universal Studios, and the like. Such shopping centres provide retail environments combine in shopping and entertainment. Going shopping is a major source of relaxation as well as a household chore. [:1 When people realize that a good store exposed the greatest portion of its goods to he greatest number of its shoppers for the longest period of time, which put its merchandise in the path and the field of vision in a way that invites people for consideration. We’re all aware of how shopping means different things to different people at different times. We use shopping as therapy, reward, bribery, pastime, as an excuse to get out of the house, as a way to troll for potentia’ loved ones, as entertainment, as a forni of education or even workshop, as a way to kill time. There are compulsive shoppers doing serious damage to their bank accounts and credit ratings, who use shopping as a cry for help (Underhil, i 999, p. 5-96). People going to shopping centres as all new modem shopping centres provide leisure spaces and varies facilities such as mini cinema, indoor family games stores and funfafr style shops. In addition, the enclosed environment, controlled climate, patrol of centre’s security guards and the promotion events give customers a feeling of warmth, safety, comfort and satisfaction. In addition, people going shopping can be broadly divided into three categories, they visit the supermarket to buy household chores; occasional visits the regional shopping centre to buy fashion goods, elecirical app1iances and recently shopping centre as place for people gathering together and enjoy of fun. As Beddington stated in i 99 1 that shopping is a primary human activity in which almost every individual in civilized society Building and services for takes part, inevitably almost daily. shopping are as closely related to housing as those for education, health, administration and entertainment. Bund1in of products, product components, and services is an important consideration for manufacturers, retailers, and service providers bringing their goods and services to market. Bundling typically takes one or two forms: pure or mixed (Adams and Yellen, i 976). There are four factors that affecting customers’ intention to buy product and service. (1) whether the product and service are pure and mixed; (2) the price discounts of a pure goods and service in comparison to the sum of the component of mixed; (3) the functional relationship among the components and (4) number of components. As more and more shopping centres established with the development of property market, it is undeniable that the competition becomes more intense. Also as the economy recession of Hong Kong has not yet fully recovered, customers cautiously evaluate the goods and services when they use their savings, and he anchor product and service that they can obtain as they are become extra pricesensitive. On the other hand,, Shenzhen, a city in mainland China just about one hour from Hong Kong by train, offers attractive entertainment facilities and low- priced retail goods in various shopping complex. To a certain extent, it actually draws much Hong Kong customers away from Hong Kong’ s more expensive stores and restaurants. In general, most retail shops inside shopping centres use lo price as its competitive tool to combat competition. It is not difficult to find that shopping malls range from metropolitan to eighborhood emphasize the concept of â€Å"Discount†, † Mega Sale† it is especially obvious in some festivals which usually highlight the provision of ‘crazy sa1e during festival. As a result, the provision of discount become a general practice to marketers and become a norm to shoppers. Without the benefit of discount, customers are more Likely to delay their consumption or shift to others stores with the provision of discount. Thus, it is not a long-term measure to combat competition. Ji}! iIU1iIk’) tii flhlTi In the past, daily products such as provisions, wet foods are gathered in market; atching movie, shopping, entertainment, games and shopping are located in different places, performed at d ifferent times for specific people. Recently, the new modem shopping centres are characterised by new spatial form including leisure and consumption activities at the same place for different people. Centres are all modem and well-managed, together with special layout to attract tenants and customers. Many centres adopt the policy of encouraging independent and specialist outlets to provide more choices and lower price for the customers. The concept of tenant mix is widely used is shopping management, it provides a one-stop services for the customers, so that customers can obtain their needs in one trip. In addition, the centre is also provided security patrol system, cleaning 11 service, temperature controlled and the promotion events, customers can enjoy their life here in the enclosed environment, make them feel warmth, comfort, safety and satisfaction. Furthermore, people are looked busier; they would like to save their shopping time and use for entertainment and pursuit of personal interest and other leisure time activities. Nowadays, people are more enjoy the largest one-shop shopping centres, which providing them convenient and efficient shopping. In order to attract more customers visiting the shopping centre, shopping centre not only providing convenient and efficient shopping for customers, it also develop as a place for leisure activities and create particular themes to upgrade their ability to competition. Recently, there has been a trend for developer to provide mini cinemas, indoor family games stores, funfair style shops and food courts inside the shopping centre. Therefore, customers regard as part of their life or entertainment and enjoyment of their leisure time, this lead to increasing the pedestrian flow. In order to attract more pedestrian flow, developer recognized that some of the customers are only spent their leisure time in the centre without any purchasing. However, the large of pedestrian flow will induce investors and tenants to invest in the shopping centres, in which with recrea tional, entertainment and extra facilities. Finally, shoppers like to visit shopping centre when shopping promotion is held. As lifestyle of Hong Kong people is so excited, more and more shoppers strive for he feeling of relaxation during their weekends or holidays with families and 12 friends. They usually prefer to spend a day at shopping centre, which can provide one-stop services. 2. 5 Goal and Characteristic of CuMomer Women shop not out of devotional love for family members, and their shopping behaviours is an investment in their families and relationships with family members. Purchasers are rationalized not in terms of what was spent, but in terms of savings and thrift. The savings and thrift generated through shopping then constitute funds that can be given to dependents and descendents (Price, Arnould, Zirikhan, 2002). 6 Conceptual Mxle1s and Customer Characteristics In the following, the major ideas from and models derived by Huff, Timmerman, Sheth, Lindquist and Wee be br iefly discussed. 2. 6. 1 Huff’s Topological Model (1960) It attempts to derive simple deductive models of consumer spatial behaviour and cognition, Potter (1982) considers that one ofthe landmarks was the graph theoretical or topological model of consumers space preferences developed by Huff(1960) (McGoldrick, Peter J, and Thompson, Mark G. (1992, p. 46)). According to Huff, consumer spatial behaviour was determined by the interaction of three systems; the value, behaviour-space perception and movement imagery. These refer to (i) the geographical location of the consumer of the consumer and his/her personal traits; (ii) the perceived characteristics of the retail outlet; and (iii) the perceive and objective features 13 of the transport network and the mode of travel. 2. 6. 2 Timmermans’ ConceptiialModel (1982) The model suggests that the decision problem such as the type of goods to be bought, together with the consumers value system, information levels, etc. , efines a set of decision criteria for the consumer which conditions the perception of the objective physical environment containing all potential outlets (McGoldrick, Peter J, and Thompson, Mark G. (1992, p. 47)). The decision making process makes this model involves an evaluation of each destination, base on the rating to evaluate attributes and Timmerman assumes that co nsumer will chose their the destination with the highest scale value. In addition, he further points out that familiarity with the various shopping opportunities and whether they are within reasonable travel time are two important factors in this respect. . 6. 3 Sheth’s integrative theory Sheth formulates a theory of shopping behaviour and a theory of shopping preference. A theory of shopping behaviour includes four types of unexpected events can intervene between preference and behaviour, such as events occur between the time and place when shopping preference and intentions are established and when actual shopping behaviour takes place (McGoldrick, Peter J and Thompson, Mark G. (1992, p. 47)). Sheth further postulated three basic constructions interact to determine a shopper’ s preference or shopping predisposition. 14 2. 6. 3. Choice calculus Sheth used three systems such as sequential, dominant and tradeoff as the first construct by which consumers may match their shopping motives with their shopping operation. In which sequential calculus eliminated shopping options that do not satisfy this motive until all shopping motives have been utilized. Tradeoff calculus involves the evaluation of each shopping option on aU shopping motives simulianeously to obtain an overall acceptability score. Finally, dominant calculus evaluates each shopping option only on the most impor. ant shopping motive. 2. 6. 3. 2 Slmppingmotives Shopping motives refer to shopper’s needs and wants related to the choice that shoppers looking for. In 1983, Sheth provided a distinction between functional needs and non-functional needs; functional need is the shoppers need for the low prices or some products such as food, and non-functional need is the shoppers want to shop just for relieve boredom or some products such as clothes. In addition, Sheth mentioned that personal values, social values and epistemic values influence shopper’s shopping motives. He further mentioned that special products also can influence shopper’ s motives. 2. 6. 3. Shopping option According to Sheth, shopping options are determined by three market factors such as location, retail structure and positing/image. 15 2. 6. 4 Lindguist (1974-1975) Store image attributes groupings (McGoldrick, Peter J, and Thompson, Mark G. (1992, p. 59)). In this mode1 it describes nine store image attributes, which contributes to image formation or to f avourable/unfavourable consumer attitudes towards outlets of various types. 2. 7 Shopping Centre Image Attributes AccordIng to Wee (1986) a basket of 27 attributes was worked out though an examination of coefficient alpha values. It was thought to adequately represent the domain of shopping centre image. By grouping the 27 attributes into different categories, 8 major factors of the customers towards store image are come out for ease analysis. Detail ofthe factor analysis is as follows:- Factor 1: Recreational Experience According to Wee, this factor accounts for 3 1 . 2% of the variance and incorporates most of the â€Å"activity oriented†. These are, in descending order of leadings, a place to spend time, an â€Å"in place† to go, a place to go when the weather is bad, a place to take children and a place to eat or drink. Two feature related variables, ecor and spaciousness, also lead significantly and are consistent with this interpretation. Factor 2: JJr Friendliness This label was chosen to describe the group of variables loading with factor 2. Most of these attributes are features, which make the centre an easier and more 16 pleasant place to use. These attributes that are unique to this f actor are the helpfulness of store staff, friendliness of the atmosphere, standard of security, toilet facilIties, seating area and air condoning. The two other attributes, place to eat or drink and a place to take children, load higher with factor i. Factor3: Stores It comprises the four attributes relating to stores at the center, rather than the centre itself. These rated the choice of major stores, the variety of stores, the product selection available within the stores and the general quality ofthe stores. Factor 4: Quality of Environment It combines the four attributes relating to the appearance and design of the centre, namely, cleanliness, lighting, spaciousness and decor. Factor 5: Ease ofUse by Car It represents the level of accessibility to car users, who tend to be in the majority at this centre. t is possibly surprising that layout loaded within this factor, rather than factor 2 or 4. This could suggest that the layout of at very large centre is associated more strongly with accessibility than with the internal feature of the centre. Factor6: Others Factor 6 was labeled â€Å"crowding† incorporating the level of crowds and the number of undesirable characters. Factor 7, labeled â€Å"ease of use by bus† combines the opening hours and access by bus; this provides a reminder that opening hours are, 17 in effect one element of accessibility. Only on attribute loads significantly ithin factor 8, the general leveL of prices. In this essay, survey will be conducted by using some attributes, which are mentioned above, for the analysis of the consumer behaviour of Whampoa. 18 3. What is a â€Å"SltoppingCentre†? The use of the world â€Å"mall† to describe a pedestrianised shopping street almost certainly originated in North America in ari effort to convey a greater sense of space, quality and elegance than is normally associated with an arcade. Malls are usually covered and wide enough to provide a central area for planting, seating, fountains and other furniture. Although shops fronting an arcade are usually smaller than those in a shopping mall, the basic difference between a mall and an arcade lies not in the types of shops found in them but in the volume of space between the frontages (Northen and Flaskoll 1977). The shopping centre is distinct from other forms of commercial retail development. It is a specialized, commercial land use and building type, which today is found throughout the world but until the late 1 970s thrived primarily in America suburbia, occurring only rarely in downtowns or rural areas. Over the years, it has been ransformed from a suburban concept to one with much broader and varies applications (Shopping Centre Development Handbook). According to Urban Land Institutes (1990), shopping centre is defined as â€Å"A group of commercial establishments, planned, developed, owned, arid managed as a unit related in location, size and type of shops to the trade area it serves; it provides on-site parking in definite relati onship to the types and sizes ofthe store (James (1993, p. 3)). Recently, Urban Land Institutes has redefmed this definition so that a shopping centre must have a minimum of three commercial establishments, and, in the case of urban 9 shopping centres, their on-site parking needs may be related not only to the types and sizes of the stores but also to the availability of of-site parkings and alternate means of access (Shopping Centre Development Handbook). However, it is not easy to derive a universally accepted definition of shopping centre because of several reasons. Shopping centres range in size from a very few shops to those with hundred number of shops, offering a full range of shopping provisions including large department stores, restaurants, supermarkets, entertainment facilities and parking spaces as well. 3. 1 The Principle ola ShopphigCentre The successful of a shopping centre depends on many factors such as design and layout, its locatIon, its catehment areas, the way the business is run by the shop traders and whether there is any competition within the vicinity. ! Before constructing of the shopping centre, developer should understand the position of the centre in order to avoid competition with other centres The centre will depend on the size and the population to classify as community shopping centre or regional shopping centre. Also it will depend on the location that the transport can be reached together with visiting carparks. Then, developers should identify the role and function, and choose the most 20 suitable theme and target groups of retailers and shoppers. For any type of shopping centre will play different role and provide different goods and services to the specified catchment population. A good shopping centre requires to strength its image by special features and good facilities. 3. 1. 2 Locationnfa Shopping Centre Location is one of the paramount important elements for a shopping centre, accessibility and visibility should be taken into account. The best location for a shopping centre should e located at strategic location in well-developed district such as area close to railway stations or any transport interchanges. Retailers will decide to run their business as high visibility and easy accessibility of a shopping centre will increase the pedestrian flow; also shoppers from other districts will be attracted to this centre. 3. 1. 3 Catchment Area To defme the catchment area is one of the major factors affecting the success of a shopping centre, developer should understand the needs of customers, and tailor-made the design and different type of shopping centre will have different criteria for catchment area. . 1. 4 Accessibility and Interlink The key to a successnul shopping centre plan is to attracted more pedestrians as they are potential shoppers. The greater the concentration, the better the shops will be run their business. The City Plaza at Taikoo Shing and New Town Plaza in Shatin, pedestrians have passed through the shopping centre; 2! the provision of covered footbridge linking to all shopping centres is an example of diverting the pedestrian flow. The more time the shoppers stayed in the shopping centre, the more chance they spend. The trades of the retailers must make special arrangement, so that shoppers visit all parts of the shopping centre will not feel tired and lose their interest. 3. 1. 5 Ten ant Mix Selection of well-known brand names and anchor tenants is critical to strengthen the centre and appeal to others as pulling effect may be result by such tenant. It can also attract shoppers to visit all parts of the centre and maximize the attraction ofprospective customers. However, the routing of centre should be well designed and balanced for all retailers. The success of a shopping centre may rely on proper designation of trades in its appropriate locations to create pedestrian flow to induce shoppers. In addition, a trade balance is also good for a shopping centre. Apart from catering the local needs, anchor tenants may attract more shoppers. Major tenants such as department stores, supermarkets, large Chinese and Western restaurants, chain stores and entertainment facilities such as iceskate field and cinemas. Beside the desigiated trades, some criterion for different trades should be considered. a) licensing requirements such as food premises require the provision of drainage, extra water supply and exhaust arrangement; (b) eleclricity supply for fast food shop and large consumption of electricity imdes; 22 (e) air conditioning for some trades require addition cold water and (d) floor loading will be considered for some trades that require installing heavy machines. 3. 1. 6 DecoratiGn hi order to attract tenants running their busine ss in the shopping centre, the decorations should be glamour and attractive to induce potential and anchor raders. The layout of the shopping centre is a key factor in patronage and increasing the business promising. In addition, it is also ensured that customers could be convenient and easy to follow the route; the signages are easily to identify, so that to attract them from one end to the others, and from the first floor to the second, third and up to the fourth floor, etc. Furthermore, any dead-end to be avoided, and harmony standard in design and layout of the shopping centre should be included the design of the shopfront entrances and finishes. . 1. 7 Sliopfront Standard glass panels are installed in the front of each shop, which enable tenants to display their products or demonstrate the services to be provided in order to attract customers. To maintain a continuity and uniformity of the shopfront, all tenants are requested to make use of the metal facade above the glass pane ls to place their trade name and logo. 3. 1. 8 Entrances The entrances for a shopping centre must be as attractive as possible; locations 23 must be at a concentration of pedestrian flow. In addition, a successful shopping centre should provide enough customers flow especially in peak hour and season, and each entrance should be conspicuous and brig1t enough to draw attention of the pedestrians arid passers-by. It also is as wide or grand a possible so as to produce an elegant or classic image in order to impress both tenants and shoppers. A narrow entrance gives an unpleasant outlook and is unattractive. 3. 1. 9 Finishes The finishes should make customers feel comfortable, in which colour should be consistent with the theme of the shopping centre. The external wail facade of the shopping centre should be furnished with pink and yellow tiles together with tempered glass glazing, in which light coloured materials could brighten up the appearance of the shopping centre. For internal wall facade with the corridors, mirrors should be installed on the wall. It makes customers feel more comfortable as space in the corridor looks like ‘arger. In addition, in the prominent places, the wall should be covered by stainless steel, porcelain enamel or coated metal cladding. Furthermore, floors could be applied ceramic tiles and granite tiles in the open areas. However, for those areas in the centre of the shopping centre could pave granite slab and polished homogenous tiles to upgrade the shopping centre. Finally, the false ceiling with light trough could be covered the ceiling. 3. 1. 10 Signage System In order to direct pedestrian flow and strengthen the identity of the shopping 24 centre, a sizable name of the shopping centre with logo should be placed in the external wall; in which is easy eye-catching for the customers. In addition, an external advertising paniel for anchor tenants should be installed on the Mall facade the main street. Furthermore, name of the tenants is shown in each floor together with a guide map, directories showing each tenant at each floor on the wall near the escalators and staircases. Main directories showing tenants under different trade groups can be installed at the main access to facilities customers to identify and locate specified trade more easily. However, restriction must also be imposed on the size, colour and method of illuminating the signboards so as to obtain a better appearance as a whole. The amount of wording used and the size of lettering should be strictly controlled. . 1. 11 Marketing Marketing in which plays an Important role In the retailing business. the chief target is provided a pleasant environment for the customers to spend their money, while tenants to promote their sales. The duty ofthe marketing people must realize that the aggressive advertising and promotion campaigns required huge amounts to pay for such activities. In addition, the on-going market analysis to explore the ever changing of market conditions, customers’ behaviours, purchasing power, attitude, social taste and trend should be studied to adapt the change. Market exposure is an important to gain the latest market intelligence, so that pro-active strategies could be formulated to strike for survival and expansion. 3. 1. 12 Management 25 A successful centre can also be attributed to an efficient and effective management; management a centre is a challenging role that requires all ski11s knowledge of a professional Management Company. From the shop tenants’ point of view, they desire reasonable profits, while from the customers’ point of view; they expect an attractive, comfortable and constant flow of traders. Due to face with ever changing environment, high expectation from the tenants and customers, and the competitiveness in the vicinity, it is essential that effective and efficient management together with innovative marketing concepts should be adapted. 3. 1. 13 Promotion The centre should be designed to strengthen promotional and publicity activities with an aim to draw the public’s awareness to generate traffic and patronage, so as to create additional sales. More creative and innovative promotion activities, free coupons for shopping arid particular prize winning events will be introduced. In additIon variety show features and popular artists will be invited during holIdays. Promotion campaign will include: to work out promotional programmes schedules to be linked with the theme of the centre; to arrange seasonal and festival decorations; to issue shopping guide, display panels and newsletter; to maintain a web site to publicize information and activities relating to the Mall; arid arrange gatherings and meetings with shop tenants, district Councils and community groups. oT;u) ifs] s] sjflfl 26 Much of the impetus for shopping centre development came from USA and by the id-1950s; three main types of shopping centre had been recognized by developers, architects, plamiers and geographers (Dawson 1983). Shopping centres were originally divided into three principal types – neighbourhood, community and regional; recently, the development of specialized markets opportunity, numerous types of shopping centres have evolved. The acceptance of this three-fold classificati on has become one of the established truths of modern urban geography and remained in common use despite the subsequent development ofmany centres which clearly do not fit any ofthe three ategories. The classification has become less meaningnzl because there are increases in the numbers of centres arid the irmovations in tenant policy design, location and development practices (Dawson 1983). The increase in hybrid shopping centre makes the types of shopping centres difficult to distinguish; therefore the major tenant classifications and to a lesser extent the centre size and trade area determinate the type of centre. 4_ ff1rf ;i;rn; i The neighbourhood shopping centres provide for the sale of convenience goods such as food, drugs, sundries and personal services. This centre is usually based on a supermarket and covers a wide range of convenience goods including personal services such as laundry, dry cleaning and shoe repairs. It serves a localized catchment population less than 50,000. (Planning Department, 2001). It provides convenience goods and services which 27 consumers needs immediately and frequently. Shoppers as a rule find it most convenient to buy such goods and services near home or near workplace. Majority ofthis shopping centre is located in public housing estates. Most are less than 30,000-100,000 square feet (Shopping Centre Development Handbook, 1999). Typical Gross Leasable area is 50,000 square feet. Shopping centres locate in public and private housing estates are typical example such as Metiopolis Plaza locates at Sheung Shui near the Kowloon Canton Railway. The shopping arcade is on level I and 2 just underneath the three domestic blocks, with 60 shops of a total rentable area of 56,433 square feet. There are 129 private car and i i 9 bicycle parking spaces respectively. The centre is also accessible by public bus, public light bus and taxi, In addition, there are 22 lorry carpark spaces and 2 cargo lifts for loading and unloading. Between level i and 2, there are 2 escalators for customers. The centre is satisfied for local residents’ need as it includes food beverage shops, convenience shops, boutique shops, shoes and leather shops, electrical appliance shops and others. 3. 2. 2 The Crnmnunity Shopping Centre Community shopping centre is built around a small department store or variety stores as anchor tenant. In addition to a supermarket provides convenience goods and offers a wide range of comparison goods and personal services. It usually locates in new town centre with convenient transportation network and erves a catehment population of about 50,000 to 1,OOOOOO (Planning Department, 2001). The range of the area is 100,000-450,000 square feet (Shopping Centre Development Handbook, 1999). Typical Gross rental area is 28 150,000 square feet. This type of shopping cenfre also offers greater depth and range of merchandise and goods than neighbourhood shopping centre. It provides certain categories of goods, particularly commodities, which are less likely to be found in regional shopping centre. It attracts shoppers through the provision offull range ofshopping faciLities and goods. The maIn attraction ofthis kind f centre is usually the department store or some anchor tenants like ParkN Super Store, McDonald’s Restaurant and Maxim’s Chinese Restaurant. On the other hand, neighbourhood shopping centres have potential power to be a community shopping centre as their sizes and populations are strong enough to support them, just as some community shopping centre can expand into regional shopping centre. Therefore, the position of community shopping centre is the â€Å"in-between† centre, and it is hard to categorize. Tuen Mun Town Plaza and Shatin New Town Plaza, Telford Garden in Kowloon Bay are categorized as regional shopping centre. Shopping centres in Hong Kong such as Hang Fa Chuen in Chai Wan and City plaza in Taikoo Shing with several residential blocks in the vicinity, are categorized as community centres. 3. 2. 3 The Regional Shopping Cenfre Regional shopping centre usually has one or two full-line department stores, and the size can be range from 300,000 to 900,000 square feet, which can be served more than 150,000 populations. This type of shopping centre is a comparison trading centre, customers are visited on a regularly period or 29 occasional shopping trip to purchase goods such as fashion, shoes, furniture nd electrical appliances; customers usually make the prices comparison before they buy. It usually serves Hong Kong people as a whole. It includes local residents, office people as well as tourists. For example, Landmark at Central, it provides consumer durable goods, personal services as well as entertainment. The catchrnent area of this centre involving into different district areas and serves f or large group of population. Shopping centres such as Pacific Place, Landmark, Time Square at Causeway Bay arid Ocean Terminal at Tsim Sha Tsui and Festival Walk that serve for people in different districts. . 2. 4 Specialty Shopping Centre J_n Hong Kong, this kind of shopping centre represents relatively small categories of the market, typical example such as golden Shopping Centre in Shamshuipo for various types ofcomputer hardware and software. Golden Shopping Arcade is suited at Yen Chow Street and Kwei Lin Street in Shamsbuipo district. It is just a few steps away from the Shamshuipo Mass Transit Railway station, and public buses, public light buses and taxi can also be accessed. There are about 70 shops occupying two levels of the arcade. Beside he retailing shops, there are shops selling computer hardware and software of various brands and models. No matter new and experienced computer users, the arcade attracts them as the centre provides various software and hardware at lo wer prices. 30 3. 3 The Development f Shopping Centre According to Schiller, i 985, the term of shopping centre is ambiguous in Britain. It can mean either a comprehensive shopping development, as it does it most other countries, or a clustering of traditional shops in a town centre. Town centre can include planned and unplanned retail areas; however shopping centre is often oosely used to mean a group of shops, which has been designed, planned, developed, owned, marketed and managed as a unit. Shopping centre is a planned assemblage of shop units which may or may not exist as part of sopping district, in which a shopping district can consist oftwo or more shopping centres. In Britain, many town centres has been developed as a shopping centre. According to McGildrick Thompson, 1991), the massive suburban expansion in the last thirty to forty years has produced the features of urban landscape usually associated with the term â€Å"Shopping Centre†, but the British residential sprawl How to cite The Relation Between the Customer Behavior and Shopping Centre, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

The Angel Next Door free essay sample

Marva Speed-Copeland is a woman of strengthand compassion who goes out of her way to help others. When my life tooka bad turn freshman year, she set me straight. I wasnt out of control,but I hung out with a crowd that skipped school and got bad grades. Shedid everything in her power to help me get back on track. She tutored meweeknights, sometimes even missing giving her children a bath or tuckingthem in. In addition, she would visit my school and talk to my teachersto see what else she could do to help. If I needed someone totalk to, she always listened. She always puts others feelings and needsabove hers. Even if she doesnt know the answer, she gives her opinion,which is the best advice possible. I trust her. Marva is one ofmy best friends. I can tell her anything and everything. I live twohouses from her, and go over to see her children when my homework isdone. We will write a custom essay sample on The Angel Next Door or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People remember her warmth and compassion and always say excellentthings about her. Once you meet her, a part of her is with you. I knewshe was someone special. I never suspected, though, that she would bethe guardian angel God had sent to watch over me.

Friday, November 29, 2019

How Cultural Beliefs, Values, Norms and Practices Influence Communication

Cultural beliefs, values, norms, and practices play an important role in the communication processes in every society. Some of these practices span entire continents, but most of them are context specific. Aspects of culture come about as a means of attaining social cohesion. Their role is to create a predictable social environment, which is fundamental to a stable society.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on How Cultural Beliefs, Values, Norms and Practices Influence Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper explores how cultural beliefs, values, norms, and practices influence communication in various countries. In particular, the paper will examine the cultural beliefs of the British, the cultural values of Mexicans, the cultural norms of the Swahili in Kenya, and the cultural practices of the Japanese. This study will look at the influence of these elements in their communication processes. En glish Cultural Beliefs A cultural belief is a commonly held principle observed by a majority of the members of a given community. Cultural beliefs may come from a long tradition usually evolving very slowly over decades and centuries. Some of the beliefs come from objective observations, while others are a complex product of interaction between various elements of that society such as religion, technology, social development, and academic development. The common feature of all cultural beliefs is that the society holds them as true in their own right, without the need for further justification. No one questions them in any serious way and changes in beliefs take time. They tend to evolve over time. England is one of the oldest countries in existence. It has been through a long list of political transitions moving from a sovereign monarch to a ceremonial one through various transitional phases. One of the widely held cultural beliefs by the English is the need to preserve the monarch y as a symbol of national unity. The monarch is a symbolic representation of the identity of nationhood. In real terms, it is not necessary for England to retain a monarch as part of its cultural and political formation. However, many of its citizens feel that the monarch plays a fundamental role in the identity of the England. The Monarchy feeds a lot into the communication processes of the country. Central to this is the reference of all civil servants as being, â€Å"In his/her majesty’s service†. This tag makes civil servants appear patriotic, accountable, and proud of the honor of public service. As a cultural icon, reference to the monarch in the course of public service legitimizes the actions people take.Advertising Looking for term paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The society there considers it commendable for citizens to be in his/her majesty’s service. Looking at this c ultural belief as an outsider makes it easy to see that the society can function without the monarchy. However, the society there believes that the monarchy is fundamental to their identity as a people hence the need to perpetuate the office. Brazilian Cultural Values Cultural values are a set of intangible standards, which a society expects every member to uphold. The role of these values is to define what is commendable and what every member of that society needs to aspire to do. In this sense, cultural values create the moral environment of a culture. However, values may also inform the way a culture looks at issues such as work, the right time to marry, family relations, and other factors. Cultural values are the unspoken rules of behavior. They normally undergird the explicit moral code that governs the culture. Brazil is the largest country in South America. In a certain sense, it is a melting pot of world cultures with its adopted citizens of Africa and European descent. In a ddition, there are indigenous populations. With its vastness, there is challenge in picking out a common cultural value that transcends Brazilian diversity. However, it is instructive to note that Brazil is almost mono-linguistic. Portuguese is the first and only language for most Brazilians. The attachment to the language is so strong that Brazilians feel offended by the popular misconception among North Americans that they speak Spanish. However, the Portuguese spoken in Brazil varies from that spoken in continental Portugal largely because of the high number of local words infused in Brazilian Portuguese. There is a variation in accents among the people groups in Brazil but the differences are not serious enough to hinder effective communication. Brazil, despite being a very diverse country with a very rich cultural heritage, is very strong in, its linguistic values. In this sense, Brazilian insistence on its language as an aspect of its nationhood makes it a truly national value . It influences their communication in that it makes it easy for each Brazilian to communicate with other Brazilians.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on How Cultural Beliefs, Values, Norms and Practices Influence Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kenyan Cultural Norms A cultural norm refers to certain elements of a culture which the members of society take as normal. These practices vary a lot and usually span the entire cultural fabric of a community. These norms may be ceremony-specific, or may simply be part of the daily existence of the members of that society. Cultural norms are normally the frontal issues a visitor will notice when they visit the culture. The norms pervade greetings, interaction, eating, and even sleep related activities. The world views Africa as a hospitable environment from a cultural perspective. Most of the cultures there accommodate visitors and are more welcoming than cultures in other parts of the world. Kenya is one of the top tourist destinations in Africa. Most tourists agree that Kenyans are generally polite, helpful to strangers and very accommodative of visitors. In Kenya, the Swahili people stand out as the most hospitable people in the country. Some of the communication elements in Kenya that stem from this cultural norm are lengthy greetings and informal small talk that accompanies normal discussions. Swahili people stand out as the most entertaining Kenyan people when it comes to conversational issues. Some of the local Swahili words finding their way into international lingo include, â€Å"safari† meaning â€Å"journey†, as used in the safari rally, and as a term to refer to touring the Kenyan game parks. There is also â€Å"hakuna matata† translatable as â€Å"no problem†, â€Å"jambo†, which is Swahili for hello, among others. The Kenyan cultural norm of hospitality makes Kenyans conversational in nature because of the need to entertain visitors and to show concern for them. It is improper to visit a Kenyan home and leave without taking a meal. This applies even if the guest arrives when the family is taking a meal. The family head will ensure that the visitor shares in what is available. Japanese Social Practices A social practice is a certain action that people in a specified culture take under a certain set of circumstances. This means that the society practices this act as part of its daily existence. Social practices are deliberate and rehearsed over time. Unlike values, practices are conscious acts by members of a community. It may be that the motivation for a social practice is not overt by nonetheless, a practice must be deliberate and conscious on the part of the person practicing. Japan is one of the well-known Asian countries with a rich cultural heritage. Along with most Asian countries, Japan is an honor driven society. The worst thing that can happen to a Japan ese national regardless of their social standing is losing face.Advertising Looking for term paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Honor is so important that failure to deliver on campaign pledges, or corporate targets, even when fully justifiable, leads to resignation from those offices. In certain cases, some people have opted to commit suicide rather than live with the failure. In Japan, it is normal for ministers, premiers, and heads of corporations to resign because of poor performance. The fact that Japan is an honor driven society explains the body language the Japanese exhibit. People invariantly bow to each other a sign of respect. Whether on formal functions or in private residences, seniority is very important for the people. They bow as a sign that they acknowledge they are in the presence of a senior, while the senior bows in response to acknowledge the respect offered. Japanese communication seeks to avoid making someone lose face. The Japanese do not speak directly to other people especially when the issues will make the person lose face. For instance, if a deal falls through, the Japanese tend t o communicate indirectly to the other party. They do this to save the other party from losing face. References Corson, D., Heath, R. L., Bryant, J. (2000). Human Communication Theory and Research: Concepts, Context, and Challenges (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Laster, K. (2001). The Law as Culture. Perth: Federation Press. Walker, D. M., Walker, T. D., Schmitz, J. T. (2003). Doing Business Internationally: The Guide to Cross-Cultural Success. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. Wharton. (2005, January 26). How Culture Affects Work Practices in Latin America. Retrieved from Wharton University of Pennsylvania: https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/how-culture-affects-work-practices-in-latin-america/ This term paper on How Cultural Beliefs, Values, Norms and Practices Influence Communication was written and submitted by user Jonathon Juarez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Camel essays

Camel essays More than 3,000 years ago an ungainly but useful desert aimal was domesticated in Arabia. It was the Arabian camel, a long-legged beast withone large hump on its back. It could cross hot deserts without needing much water, and it could carry heavy loads without tiring. The two-humped Bactrian camel of central Asia was also domesticated long ago. It is sturdier than the Arabian and can carry heavier loads. During the winter, its brownish hair is thick and long for protection from the cold nights. It sheds is hair in patches in the spring, as the weather warms up. Camels are hornless hoofed mammals. Their hoofs are like leathery pads. Their toes spread apart when they walk on sand o snow. Camels are called"ships of the desert" because they sway from side to side when they walk and carry loads. Some camels are trained for riding. They kneel to allow riders to mount. A camel saddle must fit over the large single hump or between the two smaller humps. A special breed of Arabian camel, the dromedary, has been developed for riding and racing. It has longer legs and weighs less than a regular "baggage" camel. It can run at speeds up to 10 miles per hour. A camel's hump is a large deposit of fat. The camel's body uses the fat as food when plant food is not available during long desert treks. Water is not stored in the hump. Camels do not sweat so much as other mammals. They store water in the body tissues and in pouches in the stomach, and use it very slowly. Tests have shoun that a camel can lose up to a quarter oof its body weight in fluids, without suffering any ill effects. Camels are still used by nomadic people of northern Africa and Asia. Camels cary loads where cars and trucks cannont go. They are also useful for their hides, hair, bones, meat, and milk. a soft fabric can be woven from their hair. There are camel-like animals in South Africa. Relatives of the camel are important to...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Patient satisfaction from physicians' communication Essay

Patient satisfaction from physicians' communication - Essay Example To this end they emphasis on the patient care model which places great emphasis on open enquiry, reflective listening and empathy as one of the most effective and important ways of responding to the diverse patient needs. In the HCPC Standards of Proficiency   (2013 p.8) Standard 8, ‘Be able to communicate effectively’, 8.3 states that a   physiotherapist must:   â€Å"Understand how communication skills affect assessment and engagement of service users and how the means of communication   should be modified to address and take account of factors such as age,   capacity, learning ability and physical ability.† As a result, this paper attempts to establish why effective communication between the patient and doctor is crucial by examining different case scenarios and evaluating the role communication plays, not only just in the physiotherapist context, but also in the healthcare system in general. Verbal communication between doctors and their clients is r ecognized as a core part of care and in conventional scenarios it is easy to decode and analyses, and this is because it is discrete in nature and has clear endpoints. However, for doctors to be effective at it, they must have good interpersonal skills such that they can make the patient feel at ease and encourage them to open up with alarming them, sounding rude or stereotypical.  Ã‚   In their discourse, they should ensure they show empathy and attention to the patient’s situation and be capable of managing the patient’s expectations without discouraging them (Larsen and Smith 1981).

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Case study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case study - Research Paper Example The continuity of business and profitability of a firm highly depends on that firm’s customer base. The critical aspects to capture in customer relations are quality of product or service and customer satisfaction relative to buyer behavior and decisions (Kerin, et al. 2006). Apple, Inc. is one of the best companies in customer relations. The company, a leading PC and mobile handsets vendor, focuses on product innovation and merges this pursuit to consumer needs, tastes, and preferences (Grant, 2011). Successful customer relations are realized from functional practices that seek to address customer satisfaction. In a world that is highly driven by technological advancement, Apple has taken a leading position in making PC and mobile handsets consumers a part of the company’s system. In other words, the company’s business activities and operations integrate and involve the consumers in the design and development of new products. The company employs customer feedbac k to better company-customer interaction. In doing so, Apple’s customers have been involved developing new products that carries their individual specifications and features. This means that Apple’s potential customers express what they would like to have in their products, and the company designs and develops products that meet the qualities highlighted by these customers. Apple understands that customer relations are primarily based on customer satisfaction in terms of product or service quality and pricing. Apple employs creativity and innovativeness in developing new and improved products for consumers. This allows the company to dominate the market in the industry within which it operates and at the same time capture a significant market share that subsequently improves its business portfolio. Based on this factor, maintaining a close and constant contact with customers is vital. This is a practice that Apple highly values and observes. Programs like GE Six Sigma black belts and management experts foster Apple’s customer relations (Stanton, 2011). On the other hand, Kudler Fine Foods Company performs at a less than perfect scale in relation to customer service. Although the company is a successful grocery store that offers diverse and dynamic products and services, its customer relations aspect is not fully developed. The needs, tastes, and preferences of consumers of perishable goods highly vary from time to time and from one region to another. In this respect, all customers cannot be equally accounted for in terms of satisfaction. However, this diversity in meeting customer demands is not fully integrated into the operations of Kudler Fine Foods. Although the company has designed, formulated, and implemented functional programs that target its customers, not all customers have been accounted for. In fact, only regular and heavy consumers are targeted by the implemented programs like specialty food program and Frequent Shopper Progra m (Kudler Fine Foods, 2004). Such and other programs in the company locks out a substantial percentage of customers, and the company cannot, therefore, be said to successfully realize effective customer relations at all customer levels. Apple’s actions to enhance its customer relations results in numerous achievements, all of which are deeply rooted in the company’s operations and business aspects. Improving customer relations has improved Apple’

Monday, November 18, 2019

News Conference Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

News Conference - Assignment Example This venture represents another initiative from a tobacco giant in a trend that seems to be catching on in the industry as a result of the reduced demand for traditional tobacco cigarettes. The move was declared on Monday by the returning CEO, Susan Cameron, who had previously served in the same position between 2004 and 2011. Questioned about the plans to set the initiative into action, Cameron said that her key objective was to guarantee that the impetus of the initiative was not only advanced, but accelerated to certify that the corporation would establish themselves in the line before their main competitors could. Just months after the company had relinquished the top-selling blu, which was seen by many as the tobacco industry’s future, to the Imperial Tobacco group, the company head reaffirmed her belief that e-cigarettes could transform the industry. Despite the World Health Organization’s resolve against the use of e-cigarettes, Reynolds is committed towards working and liaising with other players in the tobacco industry to ensure its preeminence within the industry. Currently, the company has ensured that all it products are in line with regulations set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National as well as international policies . Athavaley, A. & Cavale, S. (2014, Jul 15) Reynolds gains in menthol, gives up e-cigarette brand. Reuters. Retrieved from

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Gothic Culture: History, Culture and Art

Gothic Culture: History, Culture and Art To find the influence of Gothic culture was been easy for popular culture. However, to give a clear definition for Gothic culture was been difficult because different connotations and quality of uncertainty was had in the term of Gothic in different social-cultural group. For examples, industrial or classical music, Goths like that, but it was not gothic. For another examples vampires and interest in death, were gothic, in spit that many Goths disliked. Such as bands like Marilyn Manson and Nine Inch Nails, were thought of as gothic by some people, but they were not gothic. And such bands like Sisters of Mercy and Dead Can Dance, did not call themselves gothic even if they were considered gothic by most people. It was an ambiguous label with many people using it that didnt understand the meaning. The people who did understand it often had many different definitions. The background of gothic culture The term Gothic was used to symbolize forms of art of the Middle-Ages. The Middle-Ages was referred to the period between the Classical era and the Renaissance. For the Italians hated that the Goth destroyed the Roman Empire at that time, it meant barbaric and boorish that they called the period as Gothic. Around at 1800, the culture of the Middle-Ages and its related things gradually became a kind of fashion in some peoples eyes in the Romantic Movement. The romanticism was the center of this cultural movement. The romanticist was willing to jump up from the limit of history. Some wished they had returned the Middle-Ages, some looked for the ideal from the religion or the mysticism, and some tried to find the answer in the nature. In the whole Romantic Movement, Goth began to be considered it as related to dark, exotic, ghosts. For example, the romantic and gothic writers such as Byron, Shelley, Baudelaire, as well as Verlaine were engrossed in the expression of the dark side of human beings. At this period, many gothic novelists were constantly emerging. Gothic literature was a challenge to the orthodox thought pattern in the current temporal society. Gothic sentiment had a very clear manifestation in the visual arts. The dark and the desolation were drawn by the painter such as Caspar David Friedrich. The Gothic style in the realm of architecture had been becoming fashionable. In the80s of 20th century, modern Gothic movement started in the UK. The emergence of the Gothic movement might be considered as the continuity of punk movement. The people were shown the influence of Gothic spirit in musical field. It was known that The Gothic music took human gloomy and empty as the theme. Moreover, death was focus on as an intense interest. Slowness, sadness, and even terror, were the characteristics of the music. The History of Gothic culture Generally speaking, the origin of gothic movement was considered as Bauhaus released the song Bela Lugosis Dead in 1979. The first generation of the movement emerged in the UK, which was a splinter from the punk movement. Bands, such as the Damned, Bauhaus, the Banshees and Siouxsie who were called so later were the first generation which didnt consider them as Gothic at that time. In the early 1980s, the gothic movement was flourished with bands like the Sisters of Mercy at the forefront. However, the movement was going off by the middle to late 1980s. In the late eighties and early nineties, a new and second generation of gothic bands grew to breathe new life into the scene. They regularly called themselves Gothic in contrast with the first. Examples would include The Shroud, Rosetta Stone, and London After Midnight. At the same time the US Goth movement turned up significantly. Gothic became recognized as a distinct subculture. Gothic music and culture grew and branched out into various subsets. The boundaries of gothic what had previously been considered were expanded. It was apparent that widespread mainstream was interested in the gothic subculture in recent time. The behavior was many quirks of gothic culture have filtered into mainstream culture, such as an interest in the supernatural and dark aesthetics. In the late 1990s a distinct third generation emerged to shape the future progression of the gothic movement. The third generation stood for an explosion in the number of people referring to themselves as gothic. Many people had learned about gothic culture because the present widespread commercial was available. Shock Rock (Marilyn Manson) became the spotlight onto this subculture. The term of Spooky kids was often used for these youths. The first and second generations of Goths looked suspiciously upon the new generation, who doubted their authenticity and disliked the exposure they gave to a subculture which would prefer to remain underground. It would be difficult to predict what the future held for the Gothic movement. Gothic culture and Gothic art As above exposition on this topic, it was indicated that to give a definition of Gothic culture was difficult. However, Gothic art given birth by Gothic culture included the following parts: the Gothic literature, the Gothic film, the Gothic music, the Gothic painting, the Gothic architecture, the Gothic fashion. Gothic literature Gothic fiction as a kind of Gothic literature would be introduced in this paper. It belonged to the English literature faction which generally considered come forth as the novel Ao Telang Fort map written by Horace Hua Er Boer. It was Ann Radcliffe (1764-1823) who established truly the standard style of Gothic fiction. Her novel The Mysteries of Udolpho was published in 1794. The Casles of Athlin and Dunbayne was published in 1789. The Romance of the Forest was published in 1791. The Italian was published in 1797. Frankenstein was written by Mary Shelley, the wife of England poet Shelley, in 1818, which was considered as the first true sense of science fiction in the world. However, Gothic fiction had waned in U.K. of 1840. It was because that too many cheap writers created cheap horror fictions and over-exposure of sexual description. The works of violence came out to greatly reduce the status of the Gothic fiction. In spite that Gothic fiction had a deep effect on the literature of Victorian era, it set off a wave of short ghost stories at that period. Moreover, it brought into being Allen Poes story with the theme of death. It was called back after the rush of Victorian ghost story. It was in 1880 when the Gothic-style novel was revitalized as a kind of semi-orthodox literature. Stevenson and Wilder were the writers in this period. The most popular villain of Goth was birth in the fiction Dracula written by Bram Stoker. The character often came out in the Gothic film later. Gothic film The first influential gothic film was Haxan directed by a Swede Benjamin Christensen in 1921. After a year, Germany director Murnau shot a film Nosferatu which became the first landmark of the Gothic Film in the history of mankind. American director Browning took the story about Vampire Count Dracula on the big screen in accordance with Stokes Original novel in 1931. This film is Vampires Breakfast that is the first Gothic talkie. French director Georges Franju shot a film Eyes without a Face which is the first classical Gothic film without Vampire image. It is worth mentioning that the Hollywood Desire directed by Tony Scott in 1983 of the whole 80s. Gothic film was truly ushered in a golden period of development until the 90s of last century. The U. S. director Tim Burton shot a film Edward Scissorhands in 1990. The film Sleepy Hollow was released in 1999. The Hollywood director Coppola shot a film Dracula. And other films such as Interview with the Vampire shot by Irish director Neil Jordan, the Crow shot by U.S. director Provas, and Dellamorte directed by Italian Michele Soavi were worth watching. A surprising film Brotherhood of The Wolf was shown to the gothic fans all over world by Franch director Gans in 2001. Two years later, another surprising was 3D animation Kaena. At the same time, the topic of Gothic film was more and more extensive instead of the solo theme of epic. Gothic film started to move closer to the traditional type of film, and gradually blend of the characteristics of other traditional types. It made the audience accept them easier. The three American films as Queen of the Damned, Underworld in 2003, and Van Helsing directed by Stephen Sommers in 2004 were the representatives. Gothic music It was usually considered that Gothic music is gloomy, icy, and decadent, making an atmosphere with terror. The people were gotten to feel oppressive and hopeless. Full with artistic spirit, the willing to death and black color was often expressed. Its mood was full of being tired of the world. It listened like bone-chilly, with a fine sense of beauty. At the same time, lots of inconsistent tone were deviated from the melody line and were inserted at the range level. Extreme contempt for all the traditional music was shown. In the lyrics and at the performance level, a desolate life and erotic was expressed by the singer. The state of reality was disgusted, and the executed fun of spiritual abyss was pursued. Nowadays so called Gothic music exactly refers to Goth Rock. This music genre was brought out in the 80s of the 20th century. It had no relation to the original meaning of the term Goth. It was so called Goth just because the elements of horror and darkness were borrowed from Gothic fictions of the 18th or 19th century. The origin of Gothic Rock was affected by two parties. One was post-punk movement at the end of 70s. The other was Gothic fiction of the 18th or 19th century. The inclination of restoring ancient ways was demonstrated clearly in Gothic music that was applied by opera voice. There were some famous Gothic bands such as Autumn Tear, Bauhaus, Christian Death, Dead Can Dance, Death In June, Nick Cave The Bad Seeds, The Cure, Fields of the Nephilim, The Sister Of Mercy, and The Swans. Gothic Painting Font The zenith of Gothic painting was between the 14th and the 15th century. In the end period of the 20th century, a very big effect had been put in the field of painting by the development of computer technology. To draw by computer board was tried by many painters. Gothic painting was driven into a new realm. For example, Linda Bergkvist, born in Sweden, made a lot of Gothic-genre CG cuts. Gothic Fonts had many different styles with classic and luxuriance. An example was the title of the cover of Death Note. Gothic Architecture Gothic architecture was a kind of architectural style, prosperous in the Middle-Ages. It was evolved from Romanesque architecture, and inherited by the Renaissance. It was originated in France in the twelfth century. It was continued until the sixteenth century. Acuminate arches, ribbed vaults and flying buttresses were included in the features. Most of all were seen in the Catholic Church, as well as the secular buildings. An important position was occupies by Gothic architecture with its high degree of technical and artistic achievements in history of the construction. The most famous Gothic architectures were such as Assumption Cathedral of Russia, Duomo del Mialno of Italy, the Cathedral of Cologne of Germany, Westminster Abbey of England, Notre Dame Cathedral of France were. Duomo Del Mialno of Italy was the biggest one in the world. Gothic Fashion The sublime related to fear was considered the foundation of Gothic aesthetics. The well-known England Esthetician Edmund Burk divided calli- beau into the beautiful and the sublime. When he discussed the sublime, he had already talked about the strongest emotion of mankind is fear. And he linked the sublime with the fear. In the eighties, the Gothic style clothing was evolved from Gothic music. Black-dyed long hair, pale skin, tight black cloth, pointed boots and a large number of silver, mostly used by religious design of early Europe and Egypt . However, these clothing was not accepted by mainstream fashion designers at the time because of its somewhat negative, aggressive and brutal style with the distribution of revolt spirit. Until nowadays, Gothic clothing style was popular again. Then clothing is not only limited to order superfine cloth by small workshops. It was started to pay attention by the designer of some great dress brands, such as Kenzo, Anna Sui, Issey Miyake and so on. The Reason for Goth Become a Popular Culture from Subculture According to the analysis of Goth cultures history, I think there are some reasons for Goth become a popular culture from the original subculture. Firstly of all, the rich spiritual connotation of Gothic culture was the basis for keeping its sustained vitality. Secondly, a more easily accessible channel was supplied to ordinary people by the popularity of mass media, especially the advances in computer technology. Thirdly, the business value behind the culture was cared by some big commercial companies, such as film studio, record company, clothing company with a great brand. It was invested. The consumption goods of this style were made for market sale. That pushed the development of Goth from subculture into popular culture. Fourthly, the buying ability of young people, with a strong ability to accept popular culture, was obviously enhanced, with the development of the world economy. The promotion of the Goth culture was speeded up.